Sericulture, the rearing of silkworms for silk production, forms a vital agro-based industry worldwide but faces threats from viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases that severely impact global output. Traditional pathogen detection via microscopy and culturing lacks accuracy and speed. Over the past decade, genomic DNA- and RNA-based molecular techniques have transformed sericulture by enabling rapid, precise identification of pathogens. These methods offer superior sensitivity, specificity, reduced turnaround time, and detection of unculturable agents compared to conventional approaches.